LIFE OF TIGER SHARK

Life of Sea | Tiger Shark (Galeocerdo cuvier) | Tiger sharks live throughout the world in salt water. They live in warm waters. They can also be found in most tropical and temperate regions.These predators are commonly known as Sea Tigers. In nature you see them close to shore, but generally, it is known that deep waters near the reef especially preferred. Tiger sharks are considered one of the most dangerous sharks to human next to the Great White sharks.

Tiger sharks  have different characteristics with other sharks. They have dark skin like tiger stripes. It has a broad, flat head with a snout shorter than the width of the mouth, long labial grooves, and a slim body. The tail is long and pointed with reinforcing ridges and bumps curved teeth with serrated edges and a deep notch on the outer edge. The color ranges from bluish or greenish gray to black above and light gray to dirty yellow or white below. 

 

The main prey of the  Tiger sharks are fish. They also eat turtles, crabs, mussels, mammals, birds, reptiles, other sharks, and just about anything else to catch them alive. Tiger sharks teeth are very serrated (saw-edged), razor sharp, and curved. The teeth are similar in the upper and lower jaw. The teeth are located in rows which rotate into use as needed. The first two rows are used in obtaining prey, the other rows rotate into place when needed. If lost teeth, broken or worn, they are replaced by new teeth that rotate into place.   

 

The Tiger sharks is a solitary, mostly nocturnal hunter. Her diet is a wide variety of prey such as crustaceans, fish, seals, birds, small sharks, octopus, turtles, sea snakes and dolphins. The Tiger sharks is a predator with excellent hunting skills. They have excellent skills to the blood of their prey smell. This ability helps them to hunt. Moreover, they have big eyes. As a result, they can still hunt their prey in the dark ocean.

All Tiger sharks are generally slow, which, combined with cryptic colors, it can be difficult for prey to detect in some habitats. They are very well camouflaged against a dark background.Despite their slow appearance, tiger sharks are one of the strongest swimmers. Once the shark is close, a quick burst makes it possible to achieve the intended prey before it can escape.

 

Tiger sharks are second only to the Great white shark in the number of reported attacks onhumans. Fortunately, attacks are rare. In Hawaii, although tiger sharks were responsible for anumber of fatal accidents in the year 1990, there is an average of a shark attack each year. A low number given the average number of drownings is 40. The large size and voracious appetite makethe tiger a top predator of the ocean.  

Because of their indiscriminate appetites, Tiger sharkss can be curious and aggressive towardspeople in the water and should therefore be treated with extreme caution. Both commercial andrecreational fishery catch rates for this species in the mid-Atlantic region has declined since the mid 1980s as the population size decreased due to fishing pressure. In contrast to the relativeabundance and catch rates for this species noted by observers on commercial fishing, especially for young people, much higher than in previous fishery independent and fishery-dependentsurveys.

LIFE OF FRILLED SHARK

 

Life of Sea Frilled Shark (Chlamydoselachus anguineus) An unique shark was found in Japan.This sea creature was supposedly exist Prehistoric shark. It has an odd shape. It is not like othercommon sharks All which have almost entirely straight. Well, this shark is known as Frilledshark. Frilled Shark has one or two sharks from the family Chlamydoselachus. They spread in the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. Rarely is this type of shark found in the outer continental shelf and thecontinental shelf and bags are generally at the bottom, although there are substantial upwardmovement.

With its elongated, eel-like body and strange appearance, the Frilled shark long compared to the mythical sea serpent. The head is broad and flattened with short, rounded snout. The nostrils are vertical slits, separated into incurrent and excurrent openings leading through a flap of skin. The moderately large eyes horizontally oval and lack nictitating membrane (third eyelid protective).The long jaws are inserted terminally (at the end of the snout), unlike the underslung jaws of most sharks. The corners of the mouth are devoid of front or pleats. 

The pectoral fins are short and rounded. The single, small dorsal fin far back on the body, roughly opposite the anal fin, and has a rounded margin. The pelvic and anal fins are large, broad and rounded, and placed well back on the body. The tail is very long and roughly triangular, without a lower lobe and a ventral notch on the upper lobe. There are a pair of thick folds of unknown function along the abdomen, separated by a groove. The abdomen is relatively longer in women than in men, with the ventral fins pushed closer to the anal fin. The dermal teeth are small and the shape of the tip of a chisel, be expanded and focused on the dorsal edge of the caudal fin. This species is dark brown or gray. 

The long jaws of the Frilled shark are very elastic with a wide yawn, swallow whole prey making it more than half its size. However, the length and articulation of his jaws means that it can not provide as strong as a shark bite more conventionally built. Most captured individuals were found with little or no identifiable stomach contents, suggesting a rapid digestion rate and / or long intervals between feeds.

The many small, sharp, recurved teeth of the Frilled shark are functionally similar to squid jigs and can easily hook the body or tentacles of an octopus, especially when they are turned outward when the jaw tasks. Observations of captive sharks swim with their mouths open ruffles suggests that the small teeth, bright against the dark mouth, maybe even crazy octopus to attack and ensnare themselves.

Frilled shark is rarely found in life, and therefore poses no danger to human small numbers collar sharks incidentally caught by several deepwater commercial fisheries in the world, with trawls, gillnets, and longlines. Due to its low reproduction and the continued expansion of commercial fishing in its habitat, as Near Threatened by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) .

DISCUS FISH

Life of Sea | Discus Fish  | Discus (Symphysodon spp.) Is a genus of three species of cichlid freshwater fishes native Amazon River basin. Discus are popular as aquarium fish and their aquaculture in several countries in Asia is a major industry. They are sometimes referred to as the "pompadour Symphysodon species of fish inhabit the margins of lakes and flood plains of the Amazon Basin rivers in lowland Amazonia, where it is part of the highly diverse Neotropical fish fauna.

Three species of Symphysodon have different geographic distributions. S. aequifasciatus occurs in the Rio Solimões, Rio Amazonas and the Río Putumayo-Ica in Brazil, Colombia and Peru. Conversely distribution S. discussion seems limited to the downstream Abacaxis, Rio Negro and Trombetas river. S. tarzoo upstream of Manaus in the Amazon occurred west

Discus fish of the genus Symphysodon, which currently includes three species: common discus (Symphysodon aequifasciatus), Heckel discus (Symphysodon discus), and Symphysodon tarzoo. However, further investigation published in August 2007 showed that the genus held the three species: S. aequifasciatus (the green discus), S. haraldi (discus blue / brown / common), and S. discus (Heckel discus).

Other species  has been proposed, but data morphometric (unlike in Pterophyllum, the freshwater angelfish) varied as between individuals of the same location as in the whole range of all species of discus fish. S. tarzoo described in 1959 and applies to the western population of red-spotted. S. aequifasciatus and S. disc, meanwhile, seems to frequently hybridize in the wild or have drifted this, because they do not have the sorting of mitochondrial DNA ancestry but differ in color patterns and have different patterns of chromosomal translocations. S. discus occurs mainly in the Rio Negro. Is S. haraldi is different from S. aequifasciatus remains to be determined, if valid was spacious but it just might be a color morph.

Like cichlids of the genus Pterophyllum, all Symphysodon species have a laterally compressed body shape. In contrast to Pterophyllum, however, extended finnage Symphysodon not give a more rounded shape. It is this body shape from which their common name, "discussion", originated. Side of the fish are often patterned in shades of green, red, brown, and blue. Height and length of adult fish are both about 20-25 cm (8-10 in)

Another characteristic of Symphysodon species is care for the larvae. As for most cichlids, maternal care is highly developed with both parents care for the children. Additionally, adult discus produce a secretion through their skin, which are of larvae during their first few days. This behavior has also been observed for the species Uaru. However, when raised in captivity the larvae will tend to live off their parents secretion up to 2 weeks

MEGALODON SHARK

Life of Sea | Megalodon Shark  | The megalodon shark (Carcharodon megalodon) was a massive being that would put modern day sea predators to shame. If you are currently afraid of the great white shark, then I'm sure you're happy that you don't have to worry about the megalodon creeping up under your sailboat. This colossal being was not one to mess with, and although the megalodon is now extinct, its memory most definitely deserves to be respected and well known.  

Interestingly enough, there are many who refuse to believe that the megalodon shark is indeed extinct. Skeptics feel as if the megalodon shark may possibly be in existence deep down in the ocean. While it is true that we have not explored every inch of the world's oceans, and it is likely that there are undiscovered species living in the depths of the waters, the belief that the megalodon shark may still be alive today has yet to be proven. 

Sharks are known for shedding hundreds of teeth on a regular basis; if the megalodon shark was still alive, they would be expected to shed the most teeth out of all of these sharks. Every megalodon tooth that has been found is ancient. Until a fresh megalodon tooth, a "megatooth" shark sighting, or some other form of proof has been presented, it is determined that this ancient shark is most definitely extinct.

Scientists have studied megalodon teeth that were found in Africa, North America, South America, India, Australia, Japan, and Europe.

Based on the locations that these teeth were unearthed, it is the firm belief that they thrived in the world's warmer waters. As mentioned earlier, scientists are still trying to uncover particulars of this prehistoric shark, including their diet. Since the great white shark is a descendant of the "megatooth" shark, most believe that the diet of the great white shark reflected that of the megalodon. However, based on the serration marks found on the "mega" teeth of the ancient shark, it is believed that they also fed upon whales.

LIFE OF AXOLOTL

Life of Sea | Axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum) | The Axolotl is a neotenic salamander, closely related to the Tiger Salamander. Larvae of this species do not undergo metamorphosis, so the adults remain aquatic and gills. It is also called Ajolote (which is also a common name for several species of salamander). The species comes from a large number of lakes, including Lake Xochimilco underlying Mexico City. Axolotls are used extensively in scientific research due to their ability to regenerate limbs. Axolotls should not be confused with water dogs, the larval stage of the closely related Tiger Salamanders, which are widespread in many parts of North America and occasionally neotenic, nor with mudpuppies, fully aquatic salamanders which are not closely related theAxolotl, but have a superficial resemblance. 

Axolotls are often called "Mexican walking fish," but they are not fish. They belong to a group of amphibians called salamanders. Salamanders are amphibians that are a bit like lizards, except that they are covered with a soft damp skin, not scales. Axolotls possess features typical of salamander larvae, including external gills and a caudal fin extending from behind the head to the vent. Their heads are broad and their eyes are lidless. Their limbs are underdeveloped and have long, thin digits. The males are recognizable by their swollen cloacae lined with papillae, while females are noticeable for their wider bodies full of eggs. Three pairs of external gills steal (rami) originate behind their heads and are used to move oxygenated water. The external gills rami are lined with filaments (fimbriae) to increase the surface area for gas exchange. Four gill slits lined with Gill Rakers are hidden under the external gills. Axolotls have barely visible vestigial teeth which would have developed during metamorphosis.
The Axolotl is only native to Lake Xochimilco and Lake Chalco in central Mexico. Unfortunately for the Axolotl, Lake Chalco no longer exists because it was artificially drained periodically to prevent flooding, and Lake Xochimilco remains a diminished glimpse of its former self, existing mainly as canals. The water temperature in Xochimilco rarely exceed 20 ° C (68 ° F), but it may fall to 6 or 7 ° C (45 ° F) in winter, and perhaps lower. The wild population is put under heavy pressure by the growth of Mexico City. Axolotls are also sold as food in Mexican markets and became a staple in the Aztec diet. They are currently listed by CITES as an endangered species and by IUCN as Endangered with a decreasing population. Axolotls find their food by sight and by smell. They are carnivorous, consuming small prey such as worms, insects and small fish in the wild. Axolotlsto find food by smell, and will "snap" at any meal, sucking the food into their stomachs with vacuum force.
Today, the Axolotl is still used in the study as a model organism, and large numbers are bred in captivity. Axolotls are especially easy to grow compared to other salamanders in their family, who almost never offspring due to the demands of terrestrial life. An attractive feature of the study is large and easy to manipulate embryos, thus viewing the full development of a vertebrate.Axolotls are used in heart defect studies due to the presence of a mutant gene that causes heart failure in embryos. Since the embryos survive almost to hatching with no heart function, the defect is very observable. The presence of multiple color variants has also been extensively investigated.
The hallmark of the salamander that attracts most attention is the healing power: the Axolotl can not be cured by scarring and is capable of regenerating the entire lost appendages in a period of months, and, in some cases, more vital structures. Some have indeed been found restoring the less vital parts of their brains. They can also readily accept transplants from other individuals, including eyes and parts of the brains-restoring these alien organs to full functionality. In some cases, Axolotls are known to repair a damaged limb and regenerating an extra end with an extra appendage that makes them attractive to pet owners as a novelty. In metamorphosed individuals, however, is the ability to regenerate fallen sharply. The axolotl is therefore used as a model for the development of limbs in vertebrates.

LIFE OF LION'S MANE JELLYFISH

Life of Sea | Lion's Mane Jellyfish (Cyanea capillata) | Lion's Mane Jellyfish is the largest jellyfish in the world. Giant Jellyfish or Winter Jellyfish are other name of this creature. The range is limited to the cold, boreal waters of the Arctic, North Atlantic and North Pacific Ocean,but rarely found farther south than 42 ° north latitude. Similar jellyfish, which can be the same species known to inhabit waters near Australia and New Zealand. Find them alive or deep below the ocean surface or just below the surface of the ocean water.

This jellyfish has a big bell with a broad flat top. It has many arms, with tentacles in eight clusters ofeight primary lobes. Color and size vary, depending on the area. It can be pink, yellow andorange-brown, or dark brown and red. The Lion's mane jellyfish can grow to a size of more thantwo meters in diameter. They have a powerful sting and will reel in their prey with their stickytentacles. The jellyfish are mainly feed on zooplankton, small fish, ctenophores, and the moonjelly. Predators of the Lion's mane jellyfish in seabirds, larger fish, other species of jellyfish,and turtles.

Lion's mane jellyfish usually very close to the surface stay by more than 20 m depth, their slow pulsations weakly driving them forwards, they depend on ocean currents, which travel great distances jelly. Lion's mane jellyfish are often spotted during the late summer and autumn, when they have become a big size and movements to sweep them closer to the coast. Lion's mane jellyfish can stabbing. Therefore, you avoid the lion mane jellyfish if possible and especially during the peak of their population in encounters the late summer and autumn. 
Like other jellyfish, Lion's mane jellyfish are capable of both sexual reproduction in the medusa stage and asexual reproduction in the polyp stage. Lion's mane jellyfish have four different stages in their long lifespan, a larval stage, a polyp stage and the medusa stage ephyrae stage. The female bears are jellyfish tentacle fertilized eggs in the eggs develop into larvae polyps. The start reproducing asexually, creating piles of small beings called ephyraes. The individual ephyraes demolition of the chimneys, where they eventually grow into the medusa stage and become adult jellyfish.

LIFE OF STARFISH

 

Life of Sea | Starfish (Asteroidea) | Starfish or sea stars are echinoderms belonging to the classAsteroidea. The names "starfish" and "Sea Star" essentially concern the members of the classAsteroidea. However, common usage is often called "starfish" and "Sea Star" also applies to ophiuroids that correctly referred to as "brittle stars" or "basket stars". There are about 1,800 living species of  Starfish that occur in all oceans of the world, including the Atlantic, Pacific, Indian and in the Arctic and Southern Ocean regions.

Starfish can be found in rock pools and on beaches. The habitat ranges and consists of coarse gravel and rock and Shelly. Abundance increases strongly on the growth of algae carpets in comparison with fine sand. The common  Starfish is unusual in that it tolerates estuarine habitats.  Starfish occur over a wide depth range from the intertidal to abyssal depths. 

 

Although the  Starfish live under water and are commonly called "starfish," they are not fish. They do not have gills, scales or fins like fish do, and they are very different fish. As the fish continued to move their tails,  Starfish have tiny tube feet to help them move along (see more on this below). While the five-armed variants of the sea star are the best known, not all  Starfish have five arms.For example, the Sun star is up to 40 arms.

Starfish are very slowly moved over the seabed by their tiny tube feet. Tube feet can produce strong suction, fixing the  Starfish in place and making it difficult for a predator to eat the whole organism. Occasionally starfish can be seen with missing limbs. This is not a great loss to a starfish as they can grow back. Sometimes common  Starfish with six or more limbs are seen, this is a result of the starfish accidentally growing two parts to replace a loss.  Starfish are active carnivores, and catch well. They hunt live bivalve molluscs by forcing their shells open with their tube feet. The stomach Everts over or into the prey so that the liquid can be easily digested. In shallow waters dense congregations of starfish can be found on an expanse of several kilometers.

 Amazingly,  Starfish can regenerate lost arms. This is useful when the sea star is threatened by a predator - it can drop an arm and get away.  Starfish house most of their vital organs in their arms, so that some can even regenerate a whole new sea star from only one arm and part of the central star disc. It will not happen too quickly, though. It takes about one year for an arm to grow back. 

Depending on the species, a  Starfish feels leathery skin, or slightly prickly.  Starfish have a hard coating on its upper side, which consists of plates of calcium carbonate with small spines on their surface. A  Starfish spines used for protection against predators, the birds, fish and sea otters to take. Although they can not see as well as we do, sea stars have an eye spot at the end of each arm.This is a very simple eye that looks like a red spot. The eye does not see much detail, but can sense light and dark.

LIFE OF WHITE SHARK

Life of Sea | Great White Shark (Carcharodon carcharias) | This animal is also known as theGreat white, White pointer, White shark, or White death. In the film, is portrayed as very ferocious sharks and hunting and killing humans. The depiction is too excessive. In fact, these fish are endangered due to human activity. Great white sharks can be found in almost all coastal and offshore waters throughout the world. They used to live in sea water at temperatures between 12 and 24 ° C. Great white sharks normally live in surface waters down to depths of 1280 meters.In America, Great white sharks can be found on the coastline of California to Alaska, the east coast of the United States, the Gulf coast, Hawaii and South America. They are also found in South Africa, Australia (except the north coast), New Zealand, the Mediterranean Sea, West Africa to Scandinavia, and Japan to the east coast of China to Russia. 

Great white sharks have big and strong body. The body is torpedo-shaped where the snout is rather long and conical. They has a strong keel on the tail peduncle, but no secondary keel. The white part of their body is only at the bottom. The top of the shark is varied, ranging from gray brownish gray to black. Great white sharks have serrated and almost triangle teeth. The largest white shark ever found was more than 18 meters in length or 6 feet, weighing 2.268 kg. But. theaverage length body is about 4.6 meters.  Great white sharks are carnivorous. So, for food, they eat various marine species. They can eat many kinds of fish such as salmon, hake, halibut, mackerel and tuna. In addition, beside eating  small and medium fish, they also eat marine mammals like dolphins, harbor seals and sea turtles. Therefore, they become the largest predatory  in the world. 

Great white sharks are well-adapted predators. They have sharp sense of smell to detect  the prey from several kilometers distance. Even they have an organ that can sense weak electromagnetic vibrations generated another animal. Great white sharks can detect a single drop of blood in 100 liters of sea water within a distance of 5 kilometers or more. One thing that is very special for a predator. The scientists explained that sharks have an amazing arrangement of teeth. The mouth consists of 3000 resemble triangular serrated teeth that formed in a few lines. The upper teeth have larger size. The bottom teeth are more slender. When they lose their teeth due to catching preys or eating habits, it will soon be replaced with new teeth in about one or two days.

Needed to know that from more than 100 shark attacks around the world, a third or a half of the number of attacks were caused by Great white sharks. But, it should be emphasized that almost all attacks did not give serious effects. Recent studies shows that the Great white sharks have  great curiosity when they saw human is swimming in the sea. They are often just trying to do a bite and then release it. They will not prey on human. Despite the fact this is not good news at all, this study shows us that Great white sharks are not regard humans as their prey or their food.

Naturally, the decline in Great white sharks populations are influenced by the ability of femaleGreat white sharks to lay eggs. The female will lay two eggs in their lifetime. Surely, this greatly affects the amount of their population. However, this is not the main factor. Excessive fishing is a major factor. They are caught mainly for meat. In some cases, intentionally they are caught using large boat or they are trapped in nets. Looking the fact, the shark is not dangerous to humans, but humans are harmful to the Great white sharks. As a result of overfishing, they are currently listed as an endangered species.

LIFE OF BULL SHARK

Life of Sea | Bull Shark (Carcharhinus leucas) | The Bull shark is also known as Zambezi sharks or unofficially known as Zambi in Africa and Nicaragua shark in Nicaragua. Bull shark is a shark common worldwide in warm, shallow waters along the coasts and in rivers. The Bull shark is known for its unpredictable, often aggressive behavior. The Bull shark is a potentially dangerous shark. They are very inquisitive and will likely show interest in you as you are diving in their waters. The Bull shark is the most abundant in sub-tropical to tropical coastal waters of South Africa, Mozambique, Mauritius, Myanmar, the Bahamas, Belize, Cuba, Costa Rica and the Bahamas.The Bull Sharks are most common in shallow waters in lagoons, bays and beaches along and are usually found in waters no deeper than 30 meters.

Bull sharks are the most common of about six species of river sharks: Ganges shark (Glyphis gangeticus), spear tooth shark (Glyphis glyphis), Irrawaddy rivers shark (Glyphis siamensis), Borneo river shark (Glyphis B. sp), and New Guinea river shark (Glyphis sp. C), which can travel between salt and fresh water and live in fresh water for longer periods. The Bull sharks are large shark with a firm body. The top of the shark is gray and the underside is white. Although bull sharks are heavy, they can still swim fast. Their muzzle is broader than long. Therefore they are calledBull shark. The teeth are triangular, serrated and very sharp. The eyes are small. The female is larger than the male.

The Bull sharks will eat almost anything. They eat fish (including other sharks and rays), turtles, birds, molluscs, crustaceans, and dolphins. They are contained in sea mammals. Bull sharks are usually solitary hunters, but sometimes hunt in pairs. They often cruise through shallow waters.They can accelerate quickly and can be very aggressive. hey are very territorial and attack animals that enter their territory. Because Bull sharks often dwell in shallow waters, they more dangerous to humans than other species of sharks and, along with the tiger shark and great white shark, among the three shark species most likely to attack people.

Bull sharks are considered high risk and are considered one of the top four sharks responsible for attacks on humans. Not only do they exist in the ocean, but far above the river. Attacks are known to have happened in many rivers around the world. Many attacks in the past were attributed to white sharks, but researchers are now looking for the Bull shark as the main culprit of many attacks. As with the Tiger Shark, it's all about how you're around them, like most animals. Many divers interact with these sharks daily in South Africa and even the dive are non-nerving sometimes there are no incidents.

The Bull sharks are one of the most frequent attacker of people. They swim in very shallow water where people swim and is an aggressive shark. So do not forget to swim near river mouths or estuaries with turbid waters where Bull sharks are known to prevent avoidance. It is not allowed to swim near schools of fish along the coast. These schools are often chased by large predators.Last, you should be cautious if spearfishing. Bull sharks are known to spear fishermen carrying their catch approach. Bull sharks are considered one of the most dangerous species of tropical sharks, they are involved in a number of attacks on humans. They are commercially harvested and sold fresh, fresh frozen, or smoked for human consumption. They are also fins for shark fin soup.Their skins are sold for learning, for their liver oil, and their carcass for fishmeal.